[
 {
  "id": "jwst-1",
  "doc": "james-webb-space-telescope",
  "q": "What kind of astronomy is the James Webb Space Telescope designed to conduct?",
  "gold": [
   "infrared"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "jwst-2",
  "doc": "james-webb-space-telescope",
  "q": "How many hexagonal segments make up Webb's primary mirror?",
  "gold": [
   "18",
   "eighteen"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "jwst-3",
  "doc": "james-webb-space-telescope",
  "q": "What temperature must MIRI not exceed, in kelvin?",
  "gold": [
   "6 K",
   "6K",
   "6 kelvin",
   "six kelvin"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "jwst-4",
  "doc": "james-webb-space-telescope",
  "q": "Which space agency leads the FGS/NIRISS instrument?",
  "gold": [
   "Canadian Space Agency",
   "CSA"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "jwst-5",
  "doc": "james-webb-space-telescope",
  "q": "What markings were placed on Webb's surface to help future remote servicing missions?",
  "gold": [
   "cross"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "jwst-6",
  "doc": "james-webb-space-telescope",
  "q": "Which Hubble instrument started out using a block of nitrogen ice?",
  "gold": [
   "NICMOS",
   "Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "jwst-7",
  "doc": "james-webb-space-telescope",
  "q": "In 1999, which two companies did NASA select for preliminary concept studies?",
  "gold": [
   "Lockheed Martin&TRW"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "jwst-8",
  "doc": "james-webb-space-telescope",
  "q": "How many companies, agencies and institutions in total participated in the pre-launch project?",
  "gold": [
   "258"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "jwst-u1",
  "doc": "james-webb-space-telescope",
  "q": "What was the name of the rocket's second-stage engine that launched Webb?",
  "gold": [],
  "unanswerable": true
 },
 {
  "id": "jwst-u2",
  "doc": "james-webb-space-telescope",
  "q": "How many people work at the Webb science operations centre today?",
  "gold": [],
  "unanswerable": true
 },
 {
  "id": "liion-1",
  "doc": "lithium-ion-battery",
  "q": "In what year were lithium-ion batteries first sold?",
  "gold": [
   "1991"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "liion-2",
  "doc": "lithium-ion-battery",
  "q": "What material is the negative electrode of a Li-ion cell usually made of?",
  "gold": [
   "graphite"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "liion-3",
  "doc": "lithium-ion-battery",
  "q": "During discharge, in which direction do electrons flow through the external circuit?",
  "gold": [
   "anode to the cathode",
   "from the anode",
   "anode to cathode"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "liion-4",
  "doc": "lithium-ion-battery",
  "q": "At constant temperature, how does SEI film thickness grow with time spent in the charged state?",
  "gold": [
   "square root"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "liion-5",
  "doc": "lithium-ion-battery",
  "q": "Which type of cell cannot be equipped with a vent or thermal interrupt?",
  "gold": [
   "prismatic"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "liion-6",
  "doc": "lithium-ion-battery",
  "q": "Roughly how many Sony laptop batteries were recalled in 2006?",
  "gold": [
   "10 million",
   "ten million",
   "10,000,000"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "liion-7",
  "doc": "lithium-ion-battery",
  "q": "How many studies did the 2024 review of mining metals cover?",
  "gold": [
   "183"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "liion-8",
  "doc": "lithium-ion-battery",
  "q": "Why is re-use of a battery preferred over complete recycling?",
  "gold": [
   "embodied energy"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "liion-u1",
  "doc": "lithium-ion-battery",
  "q": "What was the retail price of the first commercial lithium-ion battery?",
  "gold": [],
  "unanswerable": true
 },
 {
  "id": "liion-u2",
  "doc": "lithium-ion-battery",
  "q": "Which company holds the largest share of global lithium-ion recycling capacity?",
  "gold": [],
  "unanswerable": true
 },
 {
  "id": "panama-1",
  "doc": "panama-canal",
  "q": "In which year was the Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty signed?",
  "gold": [
   "1846"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "panama-2",
  "doc": "panama-canal",
  "q": "On what date did Panama declare independence?",
  "gold": [
   "3 November 1903",
   "November 3, 1903",
   "3 Nov 1903",
   "Nov. 3, 1903"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "panama-3",
  "doc": "panama-canal",
  "q": "How much did the United States pay in 1904 for the French equipment and excavations?",
  "gold": [
   "40 million",
   "$40 million",
   "40,000,000"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "panama-4",
  "doc": "panama-canal",
  "q": "What were workers from the Caribbean who came to build the canal called?",
  "gold": [
   "Afro-Panamanian"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "panama-5",
  "doc": "panama-canal",
  "q": "How many Roosevelt Medals were issued in total?",
  "gold": [
   "7,189",
   "7189"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "panama-6",
  "doc": "panama-canal",
  "q": "How many steam shovels were bought from Bucyrus-Erie?",
  "gold": [
   "77",
   "seventy-seven"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "panama-7",
  "doc": "panama-canal",
  "q": "Who led the Pacific Division and was the only civilian on Goethals' high-level team?",
  "gold": [
   "Sydney B. Williamson",
   "Williamson"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "panama-8",
  "doc": "panama-canal",
  "q": "On what date did the Panama Maritime Authority take over the ports of Balboa and Cristobal?",
  "gold": [
   "23 February 2026",
   "February 23, 2026",
   "23 Feb 2026"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "panama-u1",
  "doc": "panama-canal",
  "q": "Who designed the logo of the Panama Canal Authority?",
  "gold": [],
  "unanswerable": true
 },
 {
  "id": "panama-u2",
  "doc": "panama-canal",
  "q": "How many employees does the Panama Canal Authority have today?",
  "gold": [],
  "unanswerable": true
 },
 {
  "id": "insulin-1",
  "doc": "insulin",
  "q": "From which Latin word does the name insulin come?",
  "gold": [
   "insula"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "insulin-2",
  "doc": "insulin",
  "q": "How many amino acids long is preproinsulin?",
  "gold": [
   "110"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "insulin-3",
  "doc": "insulin",
  "q": "Name one amino acid known to stimulate insulin release.",
  "gold": [
   "arginine",
   "leucine"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "insulin-4",
  "doc": "insulin",
  "q": "With what period does insulin release from the pancreas oscillate?",
  "gold": [
   "3–6 minutes",
   "3-6 minutes",
   "3 to 6 minutes",
   "three to six minutes"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "insulin-5",
  "doc": "insulin",
  "q": "Which glucose transporter is inserted into muscle and fat cell membranes in response to insulin?",
  "gold": [
   "GLUT4"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "insulin-6",
  "doc": "insulin",
  "q": "What effect does insulin have on potassium levels in blood plasma?",
  "gold": [
   "lower",
   "decrease",
   "reduce"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "insulin-7",
  "doc": "insulin",
  "q": "Name one endocannabinoid that insulin treatment reduces.",
  "gold": [
   "2-arachidonoylglycerol",
   "2-AG",
   "anandamide",
   "AEA"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "insulin-8",
  "doc": "insulin",
  "q": "In what month and year did Frederick Banting reach his conclusion about the digestive secretions?",
  "gold": [
   "October 1920"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "insulin-u1",
  "doc": "insulin",
  "q": "What was the price of a vial of insulin in the United States in 1950?",
  "gold": [],
  "unanswerable": true
 },
 {
  "id": "insulin-u2",
  "doc": "insulin",
  "q": "Which pharmaceutical company first sold insulin in Japan?",
  "gold": [],
  "unanswerable": true
 },
 {
  "id": "gbr-1",
  "doc": "great-barrier-reef",
  "q": "How many individual reefs make up the Great Barrier Reef?",
  "gold": [
   "2,900",
   "2900"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "gbr-2",
  "doc": "great-barrier-reef",
  "q": "About how long ago did the current living reef structure begin growing?",
  "gold": [
   "9,000",
   "9000"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "gbr-3",
  "doc": "great-barrier-reef",
  "q": "Which mineral, key for coral growth, is reduced by ocean acidification?",
  "gold": [
   "aragonite"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "gbr-4",
  "doc": "great-barrier-reef",
  "q": "As of mid-2004, roughly what share of the marine park was protected from species removal?",
  "gold": [
   "one-third",
   "one third",
   "1/3",
   "a third"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "gbr-5",
  "doc": "great-barrier-reef",
  "q": "In what year did the Australian Parliament pass the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act?",
  "gold": [
   "1999"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "gbr-6",
  "doc": "great-barrier-reef",
  "q": "How many steps are taken to assess a region's priorities in marine bioregional planning?",
  "gold": [
   "three",
   "3"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "gbr-7",
  "doc": "great-barrier-reef",
  "q": "In what year did the Australian and Queensland governments launch a joint initiative to improve water quality?",
  "gold": [
   "2003"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "gbr-8",
  "doc": "great-barrier-reef",
  "q": "By how much was sediment load to be reduced by 2020 under the water quality plan?",
  "gold": [
   "20%",
   "20 percent",
   "20 per cent"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "gbr-u1",
  "doc": "great-barrier-reef",
  "q": "How many tourists visited the Great Barrier Reef in 2019?",
  "gold": [],
  "unanswerable": true
 },
 {
  "id": "gbr-u2",
  "doc": "great-barrier-reef",
  "q": "What is the name of the largest single coral colony on the reef?",
  "gold": [],
  "unanswerable": true
 },
 {
  "id": "rust-1",
  "doc": "rust-programming-language",
  "q": "In what year did Mozilla officially sponsor the Rust project?",
  "gold": [
   "2009"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "rust-2",
  "doc": "rust-programming-language",
  "q": "By what year was Rust's garbage collector rarely used and then removed?",
  "gold": [
   "2013"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "rust-3",
  "doc": "rust-programming-language",
  "q": "Which part of the Rust compiler enforces that references are only used where their lifetime is valid?",
  "gold": [
   "borrow checker"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "rust-4",
  "doc": "rust-programming-language",
  "q": "What must code be declared as to dereference a raw pointer in Rust?",
  "gold": [
   "unsafe"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "rust-5",
  "doc": "rust-programming-language",
  "q": "What two pointers does a Rust trait object carry?",
  "gold": [
   "data pointer&method table"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "rust-6",
  "doc": "rust-programming-language",
  "q": "Can a mutable reference be coerced to an immutable reference in Rust?",
  "gold": [
   "yes",
   "can be"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "rust-7",
  "doc": "rust-programming-language",
  "q": "Name one low-level feature enabled by unsafe blocks.",
  "gold": [
   "volatile memory",
   "intrinsics",
   "type punning",
   "inline assembly",
   "raw pointer",
   "external code"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "rust-8",
  "doc": "rust-programming-language",
  "q": "Which keyword does Rust use to create foreign function interfaces?",
  "gold": [
   "extern"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "rust-u1",
  "doc": "rust-programming-language",
  "q": "How many crates were on crates.io at the end of 2024?",
  "gold": [],
  "unanswerable": true
 },
 {
  "id": "rust-u2",
  "doc": "rust-programming-language",
  "q": "What was the codename of Rust's first self-hosted compiler release?",
  "gold": [],
  "unanswerable": true
 },
 {
  "id": "tdf-1",
  "doc": "tour-de-france",
  "q": "What color jersey does the leader of the points classification wear?",
  "gold": [
   "green"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "tdf-2",
  "doc": "tour-de-france",
  "q": "Who was appointed editor of L'Auto?",
  "gold": [
   "Henri Desgrange",
   "Desgrange"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "tdf-3",
  "doc": "tour-de-france",
  "q": "Which newspaper was given the right to organise the 1947 Tour de France?",
  "gold": [
   "L'Équipe",
   "L'Equipe",
   "L’Équipe"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "tdf-4",
  "doc": "tour-de-france",
  "q": "In what year was the polka-dot jersey introduced?",
  "gold": [
   "1975"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "tdf-5",
  "doc": "tour-de-france",
  "q": "What was the 1998 doping scandal at the Tour called?",
  "gold": [
   "Festina"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "tdf-6",
  "doc": "tour-de-france",
  "q": "Who first won the mountains classification?",
  "gold": [
   "Vicente Trueba",
   "Trueba"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "tdf-7",
  "doc": "tour-de-france",
  "q": "Who first won the points classification?",
  "gold": [
   "Fritz Schär",
   "Fritz Schar",
   "Schär",
   "Schar"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "tdf-8",
  "doc": "tour-de-france",
  "q": "Who has won the points classification a record seven times?",
  "gold": [
   "Peter Sagan",
   "Sagan"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "tdf-u1",
  "doc": "tour-de-france",
  "q": "What was the total prize money for the 2024 Tour de France?",
  "gold": [],
  "unanswerable": true
 },
 {
  "id": "tdf-u2",
  "doc": "tour-de-france",
  "q": "How many spectators watched the 1903 final stage in person?",
  "gold": [],
  "unanswerable": true
 },
 {
  "id": "curie-1",
  "doc": "marie-curie",
  "q": "In what year did Marie Curie win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry?",
  "gold": [
   "1911"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "curie-2",
  "doc": "marie-curie",
  "q": "In which city was Maria Skłodowska born?",
  "gold": [
   "Warsaw"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "curie-3",
  "doc": "marie-curie",
  "q": "What was the name of the clandestine institution of higher learning that admitted women, which she attended?",
  "gold": [
   "Flying University",
   "Floating University"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "curie-4",
  "doc": "marie-curie",
  "q": "Who discovered that uranium salts emitted rays resembling X-rays?",
  "gold": [
   "Becquerel"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "curie-5",
  "doc": "marie-curie",
  "q": "Who supervised Curie's doctorate?",
  "gold": [
   "Gabriel Lippmann",
   "Lippmann"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "curie-6",
  "doc": "marie-curie",
  "q": "With which physicist was Curie revealed to have had an affair in 1911?",
  "gold": [
   "Paul Langevin",
   "Langevin"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "curie-7",
  "doc": "marie-curie",
  "q": "At which institute did Curie mentor female scientists?",
  "gold": [
   "Radium Institute"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "curie-8",
  "doc": "marie-curie",
  "q": "What was Maria's family nickname?",
  "gold": [
   "Mania"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "curie-u1",
  "doc": "marie-curie",
  "q": "What was Marie Curie's favourite piece of music?",
  "gold": [],
  "unanswerable": true
 },
 {
  "id": "curie-u2",
  "doc": "marie-curie",
  "q": "How much money did Marie Curie receive from her 1911 Nobel Prize, in francs?",
  "gold": [],
  "unanswerable": true
 },
 {
  "id": "everest-1",
  "doc": "mount-everest",
  "q": "What height for Everest did the 2020 joint survey measure, in metres?",
  "gold": [
   "8,848.86",
   "8848.86"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "everest-2",
  "doc": "mount-everest",
  "q": "What is the closest sea to Everest's summit?",
  "gold": [
   "Bay of Bengal"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "everest-3",
  "doc": "mount-everest",
  "q": "What height did the Survey of India determine for Everest in 1952 to 1954, in metres?",
  "gold": [
   "8,847.73",
   "8847.73"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "everest-4",
  "doc": "mount-everest",
  "q": "Which rock formation forms the base of Mount Everest below 7,000 m?",
  "gold": [
   "Rongbuk"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "everest-5",
  "doc": "mount-everest",
  "q": "By which glacier is the Nepal-side Everest base camp located?",
  "gold": [
   "Khumbu"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "everest-6",
  "doc": "mount-everest",
  "q": "Who discovered the northern approach to Everest on the 1921 reconnaissance expedition?",
  "gold": [
   "Mallory&Bullock"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "everest-7",
  "doc": "mount-everest",
  "q": "Who was the first woman to summit Everest?",
  "gold": [
   "Junko Tabei",
   "Tabei"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "everest-8",
  "doc": "mount-everest",
  "q": "How many people died on Everest during the 1996 season?",
  "gold": [
   "15",
   "fifteen"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "everest-u1",
  "doc": "mount-everest",
  "q": "What does a Nepal climbing permit for Everest cost in 2025?",
  "gold": [],
  "unanswerable": true
 },
 {
  "id": "everest-u2",
  "doc": "mount-everest",
  "q": "How many ladders were installed in the Khumbu Icefall in 2023?",
  "gold": [],
  "unanswerable": true
 },
 {
  "id": "pen-1",
  "doc": "penicillin",
  "q": "Which penicillin does Fleming's original strain of Penicillium rubens principally produce?",
  "gold": [
   "penicillin F"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pen-2",
  "doc": "penicillin",
  "q": "In the 1940s, how many Oxford units did a standard vial contain?",
  "gold": [
   "5,000",
   "5000"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pen-3",
  "doc": "penicillin",
  "q": "What share of people show IgE-mediated anaphylaxis to penicillin?",
  "gold": [
   "0.01%",
   "0.01 percent",
   "0.01 per cent"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pen-4",
  "doc": "penicillin",
  "q": "How many members does the ring that is the key structural feature of penicillins have?",
  "gold": [
   "four",
   "4"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pen-5",
  "doc": "penicillin",
  "q": "Why can penicillin easily enter Gram-positive bacteria?",
  "gold": [
   "outer cell membrane",
   "outer membrane"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pen-6",
  "doc": "penicillin",
  "q": "What did Chain and Abraham name the enzyme that breaks down penicillin?",
  "gold": [
   "penicillinase"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pen-7",
  "doc": "penicillin",
  "q": "On what date did Fleming first observe the antibacterial effect by chance?",
  "gold": [
   "3 September 1928",
   "September 3, 1928",
   "3 Sept 1928"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pen-8",
  "doc": "penicillin",
  "q": "At which laboratories was 6-APA discovered?",
  "gold": [
   "Beecham"
  ]
 },
 {
  "id": "pen-u1",
  "doc": "penicillin",
  "q": "How many doses of penicillin were produced worldwide in 2020?",
  "gold": [],
  "unanswerable": true
 },
 {
  "id": "pen-u2",
  "doc": "penicillin",
  "q": "What was the name of Fleming's laboratory assistant in 1928?",
  "gold": [],
  "unanswerable": true
 }
]